Energy in India

HINDUSTAN PETROLEUM CORPORATION LIMITED (HPCL)

  • HPCL is a mega Public Sector Undertaking (PSU) with “Navratna” status.
  • It has two refineries; one in Mumbai (west coast) having a capacity of 6.5 MMTPA and the other in Visakhapatnam (east coast) with a capacity of 8.3 MMTPA.
  • HPCL holds an equity stake of 16.95% in Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Limited, a refinery at Mangalore with a capacity of 9.69 MMTPA.
  • HPCL, in collaboration with M/s Mittal Energy Investment Pvt. Ltd, has set up a Refinery with a capacity of 9 million tonnes at Bathinda in Punjab. The project has been completed and commissioned in March-2012.
  • HPCL owns and operates the largest Lube Refinery in the country producing Lube Base Oils, with a capacity of 3,35,000 metric tones.

BHARAT PETROLEUM CORPORATION LIMITED (BPCL)

  • BPCL is an integrated oil company, in the downstream sector, engaged in refining of crude oil and marketing of petroleum products.
  • BPCL has refineries at Mumbai and Kochi with a combined refining capacity of 21.5 MMTPA.

COAL AND LIGNITE RESERVES

  • The Ministry of Coal has the overall responsibility of determining policies in respect of exploration and development of Coal and lignite reserves.
  • The coal reserves in India up to the depth of 1200 meters have been estimated by the Geological Survey of India at 301.56 billion tonnes as on 1st April 2014.
  • Coal deposits are chiefly located in Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra.
  • The coal production in India during 2013-14 was 64 million tonnes compared to 556.41 million tonnes (MT) during 2012-13 and showed a growth rate of 1.7%.
  • The lignite reserves in the country have been estimated at around 22 billion tonnes as on 1st April 2013.
  • The major deposits of lignite reserves are located in Tamil Nadu. Other states where lignite deposits have been located are Rajasthan, Gujarat, Kerala, Jammu and Kashmir and Union Territory of Puducherry.

COAL INDIA LIMITED

Coal India Ltd. (CIL) has now 8 subsidiaries viz:

  1. Bharat Coking Coal Limited (BCCL)
  2. Central Coalifieds Limited (CCL)
  3. Eastern Coalfields Limited (ECL)
  4. Western Coalfields Limited (WCL)
  5. South Eastern Coalfields Limited (SECL)
  6. Northern Coalfields Limited (NCL)
  7. Mahanadi Coalfields Limited (MCL)
  8. Central Mine Planning and Design Institute Limited (CMPDIL)
  • CMPDIL is an engineering, design and exploration company set up for preparing perspective plan(s), rendering consultancy services and undertaking exploration and drilling work to establish coal reserves in the country.
  • The other seven subsidiaries of CIL are coal producing companies.
  • MCL has two subsidiaries viz. MNH Shakti Limited and MISJ Coal Limited with 70% & 69% equity holding.
  • In addition, CIL has a foreign subsidiary in Mozambique namely Coal India Africana Limitada.
UPSC Prelims 2025 Notes